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Controll Statements In Java

Aprogramming language uses control statements to cause the flow of execution to advance and branch based on changes to the state of a program. Java’s program control statements can be put into the following categories: selection, iteration, and jump. Selection statements allow your program to choose different paths of execution based upon the outcome of an expression or the state of a variable. Iteration statements enable program execution to repeat one or more statements (that is, iteration statements form loops). Jump statements allow your program to execute in a nonlinear fashion. All of Java’s control statements are examined here.

Java’s Selection Statements :

Java supports two selection statements: if and switch. These statements allow you to control the flow of your program’s execution based upon conditions known only during run time. You will be pleasantly surprised by the power and flexibility contained in these two statements.

IF - Statement :

The if statement was introduced in Chapter 2. It is examined in detail here. The if statement is Java’s conditional branch statement. It can be used to route program execution through two different paths. Here is the general form of the if statement: if (condition) statement1; else statement2; Here, each statement may be a single statement or a compound statement enclosed in curly braces (that is, a block). The condition is any expression that returns a boolean value. The else clause is optional. The if works like this: If the condition is true, then statement1 is executed. Otherwise, statement2 (if it exists) is executed. In no case will both statements be executed. For example, consider the following:

int a, b;

// ...

if(a < b)

a = 0;

else b = 0;

Here, if a is less than b, then a is set to zero. Otherwise, b is set to zero. In no case are they both set to zero.

Most often, the expression used to control the if will involve the relational operators. However, this is not technically necessary. It is possible to control the if using a single boolean variable, as shown in this code fragment:

Remember, only one statement can appear directly after the if or the else. If you want to include more statements, you’ll need to create a block, as in this fragment:

Here, both statements within the if block will execute if bytesAvailable is greater than zero. Some programmers find it convenient to include the curly braces when using the if, even when there is only one statement in each clause. This makes it easy to add another statement at a later date, and you don’t have to worry about forgetting the braces. In fact, forgetting to define a block when one is needed is a common cause of errors. For example, consider the following code fragment:

It seems clear that the statement bytesAvailable = n; was intended to be executed inside the else clause, because of the indentation level. However, as you recall, whitespace is insignificant to Java, and there is no way for the compiler to know what was intended. This code will compile without complaint, but it will behave incorrectly when run. The preceding example is fixed in the code that follows:

int bytesAvailable;
//..
if (bytesAvailable > 0)
{
   ProcessData();
   bytesAvailable -= n;
} else {
   waitForMoreData();
   bytesAvailable = n;
}

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